Photo-Induced Force Microscopy-Based Spectroscopy and Chemical Mapping of Grafted Electrochemically Reduced Aryl Diazonium Salts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aryl diazonium salts are well-known for electrochemically grafting conductive surfaces. The substrate surface chemistry, the solvent used, and the salt’s variable functional group tamper with the grafted layer density, packing, and morphology. Standard surface microscopy methods are unable to determine the chemical structure of a modified surface at the nanoscale, which prevents associating nanometric features to chemical identities. Photoinduced force microscopy (PiFM) is a vibrational nanospectroscopy technique capable of simultaneously measuring topography by atomic force microscopy and surface chemistry by infrared spectroscopy with an ∼5 nm spatial resolution. Compared to other localized infrared surface vibrational techniques, PiFM has a higher signal-to-noise ratio, enabling monolayer sensitivity and making it useful for the investigation of thin layers, like reduced aryl diazonium salts. We used PiFM to study grafted samples morphologically and spectroscopically, providing insights into chemical structure. Lastly, a micrometer area was functionalized using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) and then chemically mapped with the PiFM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".