Effect of cardiorespiratory exercise during rehabilitation on functional recovery early post-stroke: a cohort study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background People with stroke often have low cardiorespiratory fitness, hindering daily activities and rehabilitation participation. Cardiorespiratory exercise (CRE) early post-stroke can improve fitness, facilitating participation in rehabilitation, and may promote neuroplasticity. This longitudinal observational study aimed to determine the effect of CRE during routine inpatient stroke rehabilitation on motor and cognitive function, functional ambulation, and motor impairment. Methods Data were collected from charts of patients (n=504) admitted to two rehabilitation hospitals in Ontario, Canada, over 14 month periods. Patients were classified into three groups: ‘Prescribed’, ‘Incidental’, or no cardiorespiratory exercise (‘None’). Functional independence Measure (FIM), Functional Ambulation Category (FAC), and Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment (CMSA) scores were compared between groups at discharge from rehabilitation, controlling for age, length of stay, and scores at baseline. Results Patients who had cardiorespiratory exercise included in their treatment plan (i.e., Prescribed group) had higher FIM total and motor sub-scores at discharge than the None group (Site A; FIM total mean between-group difference: 13.2, p<0.0001; FIM motor mean between-group difference: 13.1, p<0.0001), or than those that completed cardiorespiratory exercise without a prescription (‘Incidental’ group; Site B; FIM Total mean between-group difference: 13.6, p=0.031; FIM motor mean between-group difference: 12.9, p=0.010). At both sites, FIM cognitive sub-scores and CMSA leg scores were higher at discharge for the Prescribed group than the None group (FIM cognitive mean between-group difference: 1.2, p=0.038; CMSA leg mean between-group difference: 0.5, p=0.0099). FAC scores were higher at discharge for the two exercise groups compared to the group that did not complete cardiorespiratory exercise at Site A only (p=0.0010). Conclusions Findings support that cardiorespiratory exercise as part of routine in-patient rehabilitation early post-stroke is associated with improved functional independence and ambulation. However, the observational design limits causal inferences, highlighting the need for controlled studies to confirm cardiorespiratory exercise benefits in early stroke recovery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".