Elastic Wave Behaviors Across Rocks Subjected to Cyclic Tensile Loads
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Understanding wave behaviors across rocks exposed to cyclic loads is of great significance to the communities of geomechanics and geophysics. This study aims to investigate the elastic wave properties of rocks (including wave speed, amplitude, and dominant frequency) under the cyclic tensile loading condition. For this purpose, we performed ultrasonic measurements on quartz diorite rock sample during the progressive cyclic direct tensile loading (PCDTL) experiments via a custom-built test system. Our results indicate that wave responses of the quartz diorite rock under the PCDTL condition are highly affected by the applied cyclic tension. Specifically, increasing tensile load causes reductions in wave velocity, amplitude, and dominant frequency during the uploading process of each cycle, and the recovery of these wave properties is observed during the corresponding unloading process. The recovery of wave signatures gets lower with the increasing cyclic number, indicating that the cumulative tension cycles cause accumulated drops in wave attributes. Besides, wave amplitudes exhibit more significant changes compared to wave velocity and dominant frequency during the PCDTL procedure. The findings of this research provide insights into the cyclic tension-induced evolution of wave properties in rock masses and may serve as guidance for the interpretation of field-scale geophysical data. 1. INTRODUCTION Rock masses are frequently subjected to cyclic loads stemming from geological processes (like tectonic movements), rock engineering applications (e.g., drilling and blasting), seismic activities (such as earthquake rupturing and volcanic eruption), etc. (Bagde et al., 2005; Haimson, 1978; Xiao et al., 2010). Therefore, characterizing the properties of rocks under cyclic loading conditions is of great significance to underground tunneling and excavation, the extraction of hydrocarbon resources and geothermal energy, the evaluation and maintenance of rock structures, and so on (Cerfontaine and Collin, 2018). Since elastic waves are an effective and efficient tool for monitoring and characterizing subsurface rocks, understanding elastic wave behaviors in rocks under various stress states has been one of the hotspots in geophysics and geotechnics (Barton, 2006; Winkler et al., 1979).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".