Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Rockburst is a sudden and violent failure characterized by the breaking up and expulsion of rock from its surroundings. Tunnel rockbursts pose a significant threat to the safety of excavation operations, leading to property damage and tunneler casualties. Buckling has been identified as one of the primary mechanisms causing rockbursts. Furthermore, it has been observed that rockburst can be induced by a seismic event or ambient blasting when stress waves reach the free surface of the underground opening. This paper aims to study numerically the induced mechanism of tunnel rockbursts based on the dynamic buckling of rectangular thin plates. When a rock stress wave travels toward a tunnel sidewall, it decomposes into horizontal and vertical components. The horizontal stress propagates to and reflects from the free surface, creating a rectangular thin plate of rock on the surface. The vertical stress activates parametric resonance in the rectangular thin plate, leading to the induction of a tunnel rockburst. An example of tunnel sidewall rockbursts from the Jinping II project is presented to parametrically study the effect of stress wave amplitude and frequency, static and dynamic components. Based on the mechanism analysis, measures are proposed to alleviate the hazard of tunnel rockbursts. 1. INTRODUCTION Horizontal extended underground structures can be categorized based on the purpose of the completed structure into two types: (i) Tunnels: Extended, flat, or only slightly sloping underground cavities with excavated cross-sections exceeding 20 m2. Primarily designed for road or rail transport, each tunnel features two openings to the surface. However, in some hydropower projects such as Jinping I and II in China, there are tunnels that have only one opening to the surface due to harsh conditions. (ii) Adits, drifts, or galleries: Extended underground cavities, either horizontal or sloping at angles less than 25° to the horizontal, with relatively small diameters. These structures accommodate pipes or cables, provide access, and serve as auxiliary structures during the construction phase or for permanent use. Often, they have only one opening to the surface (Maidl et al, 2013). The present paper is concerned with rockbursts in either tunnels, adits, drifts, or galleries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".