The Perils of Global Governance: Why has the European Union Failed to Address Corruption in Kosovo?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since the Kosovo War ended on June 10, 1999, the European Union (EU) has allocated vast influxes of official development assistance (ODA) to Kosovo, including humanitarian aid, technical assistance and financial grants. In large, this support has sought to facilitate accountable, democratic governance that fosters ‘uncorrupt’ institutions within the country. Although the EU has made considerable advances in this pursuit, Kosovo’s public institutions remain riddled with corruption, notably access payments, which impede the development of transparent governing bodies. Accordingly, this paper conducts a critical analysis to assess why the European Union has been unable to address widespread corruption in Kosovo. It contends that during the international post-conflict reconstruction of Kosovo, the EU provided ODA to local political elites who used such resources to establish clientelist networks that undermine accountable, democratic governance. This advent created ‘path dependency’, making institutional reform difficult thereafter. Second, ODA programs from the EU have imposed market-oriented reforms that have directly and indirectly nurtured clientelism when implemented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".