Prescribing Trends of Oral Vancomycin and Fidaxomicin following Guideline and Formulary Changes in Ontario Canada: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Clostridioides difficile is a pathogen causing diarrheal illness, which can be treated with vancomycin or fidaxomicin. Objective: To evaluate changes in monthly prescription volumes for oral vancomycin and fidaxomicin in Ontario community pharmacies following implementation of the 2017 and 2021 updates to guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and after a 2019 provincial formulary change for vancomycin. Methods: An interrupted time-series analysis was conducted from November 2015 to October 2021 using monthly projected prescription volumes obtained from IQVIA’s Compuscript database. Level and slope (trend) changes in prescribing were assessed using segmented linear regression. Results: The volume of vancomycin prescriptions increased by 74 prescriptions per month (95% confidence interval [CI] 16 to 132) following implementation of the 2017 guideline update and by 73 prescriptions per month (95% CI 13 to 133) after the 2019 formulary change; however, no statistically significant changes were observed after implementation of the 2021 guideline update. No significant trend changes were observed for fidaxomicin. Conclusion: Guidelines and formulary changes were correlated with increased volume of vancomycin prescriptions. KEYWORDS: Clostridioides difficile, interrupted time-series analysis, clinical practice guideline, policy, antimicrobial stewardship, vancomycin, fidaxomicin RÉSUMÉ Contexte : Le Clostridioides difficile est un agent pathogène provoquant une maladie diarrhéique pouvant être traitée avec de la vancomycine ou de la fidaxomicine. Objectif : Évaluer les changements de volume mensuel des prescriptions de vancomycine et de fidaxomicine par voie orale dans les pharmacies communautaires de l’Ontario après la mise en œuvre des lignes directrices actualisées en 2017 et 2021 de l’Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) et de la Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) et à la suite d’une modification au régime d’assurance-médicaments pour la vancomycine à l’échelle provinciale en 2019. Méthodologie : Une analyse de séries chronologiques interrompues a été réalisée de novembre 2015 à octobre 2021 à l’aide des volumes mensuels de prescriptions projetés qui ont été obtenus grâce à la base de données Compuscript d’IQVIA. Les changements du volume des prescriptions et de son évolution dans le temps (le niveau et la pente, respectivement) ont été évalués à l’aide d’une régression linéaire segmentée Résultats : Le volume des prescriptions de vancomycine a augmenté de 74 prescriptions par mois (intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % 16–132) après la mise en œuvre des lignes directrices actualisées en 2017; il a augmenté de 73 prescriptions par mois (IC à 95 % 13–133) après la modification du régime d’assurance-médicaments de 2019; cependant, aucun changement statistiquement significatif n’a été observé après la mise en œuvre des lignes directrices actualisées en 2021. Aucun changement significatif de tendance n’a été observé pour la fidaxomicine. Conclusion : Les lignes directrices et les modifications du régime d’assurance-médicaments étaient corrélées à une augmentation du volume des prescriptions de vancomycine. Mots-clés : Clostridioides difficile, analyse de séries chronologiques interrompues, ligne directrice de pratique clinique, politique, gestion des antimicrobiens, vancomycine, fidaxomicine
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".