A comparison of the effects of dairy products with their plant-based alternatives on metabolic responses in healthy young Canadian adults: a randomized crossover study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plant-based food demand is rapidly increasing. However, the metabolic responses of plant proteins within their commercially available form remain unclear. Two randomized crossover experiments compared plant-based alternatives to dairy on postprandial glycemia, metabolic hormones, and appetite before and after a fixed-size (12 kcal/kg body weight) pasta meal in sixteen healthy young adults (eight males and eight females). In experiment 1, participants (22.8 ± 2.3 year) consumed one serving of Greek yogurt (175 g), cheddar cheese (30 g), plant-based cheese (30 g), or plant-based yogurt (175 g). In experiment 2, participants (22.3 ± 2.4 year) consumed one serving (250 mL) of cow’s milk, vanilla soy beverage or vanilla almond beverage, and (30 g) of cheddar cheese or plant-based cheese. Blood glucose, insulin, and appetite were measured at baseline, post-treatment, and following a fixed-size pasta meal (post-meal) within 15–30 min. In experiment 2, C-peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and ghrelin were measured. Greek yogurt and cheddar cheese lowered post-meal blood glucose more than their plant-based alternatives ( p < 0.01) and post-treatment blood glucose was higher following almond beverage than cheddar cheese and plant-based cheese ( p < 0.01). In experiment 1, post-treatment insulin was higher after Greek yogurt than cheddar cheese and plant-based cheese and all treatments post-meal ( p < 0.02). Post-meal appetite was lower after plant-based yogurt than cheddar cheese and plant-based cheese ( p < 0.01). In experiment 2, post-treatment insulin was higher after almond beverage compared to all treatments ( p < 0.01), and post-meal GLP-1 was higher after milk than almond beverage ( p = 0.03). We conclude that the physiological functionality of plant-based alternatives as measured by blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and GLP-1 did not replicate the metabolic functions of dairy products. Clinical trial registry number: http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04600128 and NCT05919667).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".