A Study of the Comets with Large Perihelion Distances C/2019 L3 (ATLAS) and C/2019 O3 (Palomar)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This work analyzes the photometric data of the Oort spike comets C/2019 L3 (ATLAS) and C/2019 O3 (Palomar) obtained between 2016 and 2023 by the ATLAS network and the Belgian Olmen Observatory. The comets Palomar and ATLAS have a typical and unusually high activity level, respectively, based on the Afρ parameter corrected to phase angle zero at perihelion. The absolute magnitude of comets ATLAS and Palomar in the o-band is 4.71 ± 0.05 and 4.16 ± 0.02 respectively. The cometary activity of comets ATLAS and Palomar probably began at r > 13 au before perihelion and will end at r >14 au after perihelion, which means that they could remain active until the second half of 2026. The nucleus of comet ATLAS has a minimum radius of 7.9 km, and the nucleus of comet Palomar could be a little larger. The c − o colors of the comets ATLAS and Palomar are redder and bluer, respectively, at perihelion than the solar twin YBP 1194. These comets showed a bluish trend in the coma color with decreasing heliocentric distance. Comet Palomar probably had two outbursts after its perihelion, each releasing about 108 kg of dust. The slopes of the photometric profile of the comae of these comets were between 1 and 1.5, indicating a steady state during the observation campaign.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".