Research note: Continuity or change: Intergenerational patrilocal residence patterns among Indians in India and abroad (USA, UK, and Canada)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: This paper examines patrilocality among Indian women in India, first-generation Indian immigrant women, and second-generation Indian women in Canada, the US, and the UK, analyzing the impact of age, education, and employment on post-marital co-residence patterns. Background: Patrilocality is associated with women's dependence and subordination in societies where it is prevalent. This paper investigates the incidence of patrilocality in the parent population and in three major destination countries for Indian immigrants (where it is uncommon), exploring the implications for gender dynamics. Method: The study presents a comparative descriptive analysis and examines the relationship between post-marital co-residence patterns and demographic variables of age, educational attainment, and employment status, using binary logistic regression. The sample includes Indian women in India (IPUMS, 2009), first-generation Indian immigrant women and second-generation Indian women in Canada (IPUMS, 2011) and US (IPUMS, 2015), and UK (UKLFS, 2008 to 2012). Results: Across all groups, women are more likely to live with their husbands’ parents rather than their own (patrilocality). Patrilocality decreases with age, varies with education across countries and generations, and is consistently lower among employed women. Conclusion: The findings highlight the persistence of patrilocal traditions in both India and the Indian diaspora, emphasizing the need to understand cultural norms, socioeconomic factors, and policy implications to advance gender equity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".