Adaptation and validation of the Chinese Health Literacy Scale for Low Salt Consumption—Hong Kong (CHLSalt-HK) for Malaysian Population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High consumption of sodium is often associated with an increased risk of hypertension, heart disease, and premature death. Thus, it is vital to have comprehensive data on knowledge, practices, and health literacy levels pertaining to sodium intake for strategized and informed public health initiatives. This study aims to adapt and validate the Chinese Health Literacy Scale for Low Salt Consumption – Hong Kong population (CHLSalt-HK) instrument to be used as assessment tool on health literacy pertaining to salt intake among Malaysian adults and this paper reports the translation and validation process of the instrument. The original CHLSalt-HK in English was translated to Malay by using forward-backward translation, and the preliminary version was obtained with cross-cultural adaptation based on review by three technical experts. A cognitive testing was conducted among 30 patients based on sociodemographic differences such as ethnicity, location, and education level. Their feedback was gained pertaining to comprehension of the instrument in terms of language and terminologies used, the flow and clarity of the instructions, and the questions given. The improvised version of the instrument was then pre-tested among 200 adults’ respondents in Klang Valley for the reliability purposes. The internal consistency of the instrument was acceptable, with Cronbach’s alpha values ranging between 0.624 and 0.830 and 0.825 for the entire instrument. The temporal stability was good, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was >0.6. The adapted and translated version CHLSalt-HK demonstrates adequate psychometric properties for measuring health literacy pertaining to salt intake among Malaysian populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".