The solid state and nanostructure of starch: Effects on starch functionality
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In order to determine suitable end use applications for different starches, this review characterizes and differentiates the physical components, solid state, crystalline structures, and their effects on gelatinization, retrogradation, texture and functionality. There exist four crystalline packings of starch. A-, B- and C-type packings are attributed to amylopectin, and V-type which is attributed to amylose. B- and C- type crystallinity rely on water to help coordinate their crystal structures due to the congregation of water in the large intrahelical cavity of the B-type packings. The ratio of amylose to amylopectin content largely affects the textural and functional properties of starch. Amylose largely influences retrogradation, and thus can largely impact the crystallinity, strength, cohesion and brittleness of starch gel systems. Amylose has been found to crystallize prior to amylopectin, suggesting that amylose acts as a nucleation site for further radial crystallization of amylopectin. Processing treatments such as size reduction and drying, which are typically applied to all commercial starches, also impact the physiochemical and functional characteristics of the starch. These processes can cause damage to the starch granule while reducing crystallinity in the native starch, but also increasing retrogradation in gelatinized systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".