Homogeneously Mixed Cu–Co Bimetallic Catalyst Derived from Hydroxy Double Salt for Industrial-Level High-Rate Nitrate-to-Ammonia Electrosynthesis
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO 3 RR) presents an innovative approach for sustainable NH 3 production. However, selective NH 3 production is hindered by the multiple intermediates involved in the NO 3 RR process and the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction. Hence, the development of highly efficient NO 3 RR catalysts is paramount. Herein, we report highly efficient bimetallic catalysts derived from hydroxy double salt (HDS). Under NO 3 RR conditions, Cu 1 Co 1 -HDS undergoes in situ reconstruction, forming nanocomposites of homogeneously distributed metallic Cu 0 and Co(OH) 2 . Reconstruction-induced Cu 0 rapidly converts NO 3 – to NO 2 –, which is further hydrogenated to NH 3 by Co(OH) 2 . Homogeneously mixed Cu and Co species maximize this synergistic effect, achieving outstanding NO 3 RR performance including the highest NH 3 yield rate (4.625 mmol h –1 cm –2 ) reported for powder-type NO 3 RR catalysts. Integration of Cu 1 Co 1 -HDS with a commercial Si solar cell attained 4.53% solar-to-ammonia efficiency from industrial wastewater-level concentrations of NO 3 – (2000 ppm), demonstrating practical application potential for solar-driven NH 3 production. This study provides a strategy for enhancing the NH 3 yield rate by optimizing the compositions and distributions of Cu and Co.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it