Cardiac Surgery, Interventional Cardiology, and the Sustainable Development Agenda
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases constitute the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in high-and low-and middle-income countries.Globally, over 20 million people die from cardiovascular disease each year, with over 80% of deaths taking place in low-and middle-income countries. 1An estimated one-third to one-half of all cardiovascular pathologies will require surgical or interventional care at least once in their lifetime; nevertheless, 6 billion people globally-over 90% of the population in low-and middle-income countries-cannot access procedural care when needed. 2 The reasons underlying global gaps in cardiovascular care capacities are multifold but largely driven by a lack of political prioritization and policy inclusion at the national and international level. 3thout political buy-in and integration into budding or existing health policies, the implementation of cardiovascular care capacity, if any, will remain fragmented.To ensure sustainable and effective health systems, cardiovascular care cannot be omitted. 4 May 2024, the 77th World Health Assembly (WHA) took place in Geneva, Switzerland, with the theme of "All for Health, Health for All."Despite a large presence of the global surgical and cardiology communities, representation of global cardiac surgery was lacking, instead resulting in "Some for Health, Health for Some."NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL HEALTH POLICY Health policymaking occurs at the national and international level.Nationally, 8 countries have developed National Surgical, Obstetric, and Anesthesia Plans (NSOAPs) to date, which serve as longitudinal policy plans to strengthen surgical systems. 3These NSOAPs are generally embedded within national health plans to ensure integration within broader health policies and avoid siloing of individual diseases or health care sections.Only 1 NSOAP (Zambia) specifically mentioned cardiovascular health and cardiac surgical care needs, despite clear benefits of cardiac surgical care on all aspects of health systems. 5Without explicit inclusion-and thus health planning and budgeting-implemented plans will strengthen surgical systems without cardiovascular pillars, eventually leaving a gap that requires many years to be bridged considering workforce training needs.Ministries of Health (and other national agencies) generally follow recommendations at the international level, whether through bilateral and multilateral agreements between nations or aligned with intergovernmental organizations, such as the World Health Organization and United Nations.In May each year, the World Health Organization convenes all affiliated Ministries of Health and partner organizations and institutions at the WHA in Geneva, Switzerland, to discuss pressing global health concerns.In the past years, important global surgical
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".