State Complicity: Settler Colonialism, Multisided Violence, and Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This article theorizes and analyzes the Canadian state’s complicity in the crisis of missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls (MMIWG) in terms of the acts of omission (inaction) and commission (action) of the police and courts. Building on the intersectional perspective of Indigenous and antiracist feminist scholarship on MMIWG, I argue that these acts of omission and commission are rooted in a context of “multisided violence” that is colonial in nature: state action and inaction reproduce and normalize the conditions in which Indigenous women and girls can be murdered with impunity. I analyze reports by Indigenous and feminist civil society organizations as part of their transnational advocacy to compel the Canadian state to address MMIWG. I show that state acts of omission and commission are intertwined and reinforce each other through a pattern of inconsistent, deficient, and contradictory institutional responses to violence against Indigenous women and girls.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.019 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".