Trehalose–whey protein conjugates prepared by structural interaction: Mechanisms for improving the multilevel structure and their water solubility and protein digestibility
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Whey proteins (WPs) are the most widely used protein supplements worldwide. This study investigates the impact of incorporating trehalose into WPs at different ratios ranging from 1% to 5% (w/v) on the structural characteristics, surface properties, and functionality of trehalose (T) conjugated to WPs (T-WP). The T-WP conjugate was produced using the pH-shifting technique. Our findings demonstrated that conjugating trehalose into WPs significantly altered the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum, tertiary structure, and protein conformation. The surface charge and hydrophobicity of T-WPs were changed significantly (p < 0.05). Structural modifications had a notable effect on the solubility and digestibility of T-WPs. The water solubility of T-WPs increased from 88.12% to 95.53% when conjugated with 5% (w/v) trehalose. Furthermore, the impact of the development of T-WPs on FTIR spectrum was investigated. The β-sheet, random coil, α-helix, and β-turn were changed significantly from 36.17% to 45.21%, 12.38% to 16.39%, 10.69% to 13.44%, and 40.76% to 24.94%, respectively. The results presented in this study offer structural information to enhance the creation of WP products with improved functional properties.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".