The relationship between depression and overall, general psychopathology, positive, and negative symptoms in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a cross-sectional study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Depressive symptoms are a common occurrence in people suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs), representing a separate domain that interacts in peculiar ways with positive and negative symptoms. Nonetheless, available evidence on the relationship between depression and key clinical dimensions of SSDs is limited. Objectives To increase the knowledge regarding depression in SSDs, we performed a cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association of depressive symptoms with overall, general psychopathology, positive, and negative symptoms in individuals with SSDs. Methods Adult people with SSDs were recruited from two psychiatric inpatient units in the northern area of the Metropolitan City of Milan from May 2020 to March 2023. Study participants with a Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia score >6 were rated as depressed. Symptom severity was assessed by using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Variables associated with depression at the univariate level were included into two multiple logistic regression models to analyse the association between depression and PANSS overall score as well as General Psychopathology, Positive, and Negative sub-scores. Results A total of 231 subjects with SSDs were included. Among them, approximately one third (N=78; 33.8%) reported depressive symptoms. Multiple logistic regression models suggested that depression in individiuals with SSDs was associated with higher overall (p<0.001) and General Psychopathology (p<0.001) PANSS scores. Conversely, an inverse relationship between depression and positive symptoms was found (p=0.002). Negative symptoms were not associated with depression (p=0.210). Conclusions Our findings suggest that people affected by comorbid SSDs and depression have more severe overall and General Psychopathology symptoms according to PANSS scores, as well as lower levels of positive symptoms. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the generalisability of these findings and to improve the clinical management of people with SSDs and depression. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".