Convection Heat Transfer and Performance Analysis of a Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) for a Novel Heat Exchanger
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Heat exchangers are necessary in most engineering systems that move thermal energy from a hot source to a colder location. The development of additive manufacturing technology facilitates the design and optimization of heat exchangers by introducing triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures. TPMSs have shown excellent mechanical and thermal performance, which can improve heat energy transfer efficiency in heat exchangers. This current study intends to design and develop efficient, lightweight heat exchangers for aerospace and space applications. Using the TPMS structure, a porous construction encloses a horizontal tube that circulates heated fluid. Low-temperature water circulates inside a rectangular box that houses the complete system to remove heat from the horizontal pipe. Three porous structures, the gyroid, diamond, and FKS structures, were employed and examined. Porous models with various porosities and surface areas (15 cm2 and 24 cm2) were investigated. The results revealed that the gyroid structure exhibits the highest Nusselt number for heat removal (Nu max = 2250), confirming the highest heat transfer and lowest pressure drop among the three structures under investigation. The maximum Nusselt number obtained for the FKS structure is less than 1000, whereas, for the diamond structure, it is near 1250. A linear variation in the average Nusselt number as a function of the structure surface area was found for the FKS and diamond structures. In contrast, nonlinearity was observed in the gyroid structures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".