Simultaneous Leaks in York-Peel Feedermain at Two River Crossings: Investigation and Repair
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The York Peel Feedermain (YPFM) is a critical watermain comprised of 1,800 mm (72 in.) diameter prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP) that is owned and operated by the Regional Municipality of York (Region) and supplies approximately 30% of the water demand for the Region. In 2022, two leaks were identified through leak detection on the YPFM, one near the West Humber River crossing and another near the East Humber River crossing. Before these two leaks, YPFM had experienced five other confirmed leaks that the Region repaired, including a pipe failure in 2009 just west of the East Humber River crossing that resulted in removal and replacement of several pipe pieces. The purpose of this paper is to present the investigation, analysis, and repair of the PCCP near the leak locations at East and West Humber River. Investigation included internal inspection of PCCP in the YPFM near the two 2022 leak locations, external investigation of PCCP removed in 2009, study of the steel cylinder of a pipe segment removed in 2021, and laboratory testing. Analysis included review of past studies that were performed during localized pipe replacements and pipe–soil-interaction finite element analysis of the pipeline. Repairs for the two 2022 leaks were performed using internal Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) that was designed to resist all internal and external loads including longitudinal demands from thrust and thermal loads with special details at the leak locations and at locations of suspected settlement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".