Changes in hypothalamic subunits volume and their association with metabolic parameters and gastrointestinal appetite-regulating hormones following bariatric surgery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Some nuclei of the hypothalamus are known for their important roles in maintaining energy homeostasis and regulating food intake. Moreover, obesity has been associated with hypothalamic inflammation and morphological alterations, as indicated by increased volume. However, the reversibility of these changes after bariatric surgery-induced weight loss remains underexplored. Objective The aim of this study was to characterize volume changes in hypothalamic subunits up to two years following bariatric surgery and to determine whether these differences were associated with changes in metabolic parameters and levels of gastrointestinal appetite-regulating hormone levels. Methods Participants with severe obesity undergoing bariatric surgery were recruited. They completed high-resolution T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before bariatric surgery and at 4, 12 and 24 months post-surgery. Blood samples collected during the fasting and postprandial states were analyzed for glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and ghrelin concentrations. The hypothalamus was segmented into 5 subunits per hemisphere using a publicly available automated tool. Linear mixed-effects models were employed to examine volume changes between visits and their associations with variables of interest. Results A total of 73 participants (mean age 44.5 ± 9.1 years, mean BMI 43.5 ± 4.1 kg/m 2 ) were included at baseline. Significant volume reductions were observed in the whole left hypothalamus 24 months post-surgery. More specifically, decreases were noted in both the left anterior-superior and left posterior subunits at 12 and 24 months post-surgery (all p<0.05, after FDR correction). These reductions were significantly associated with the percentage of total weight loss (both subunits p<0.001), improvements in systolic blood pressure (both subunits p<0.05), and an increase in postprandial PYY (both subunits p<0.05). Conclusion These results suggest that some hypothalamic morphological alterations observed in the context of obesity could potentially be reversed with bariatric surgery induced-weight loss.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".