Human Papillomavirus Prevalence Among Australian Men Aged 18–35 Years in 2015–2018 According to Vaccination Status and Sexual Orientation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Australia introduced a national human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program for girls in 2007 and boys in 2013, achieving high coverage. We assessed HPV prevalence among men who have sex with women (MSW) and men who have sex with men (MSM) aged 18-35 years and examined program effects. METHODS: Between 2015-2018, men self-collected a penile or intra-anal swab for HPV genotyping. Vaccination status was confirmed with the National Register. HPV prevalence was examined by age groups and vaccination status. RESULTS: Prevalence of quadrivalent vaccine-targeted HPV types (6, 11, 16, 18) was 10.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.7%-12.8%) in unvaccinated MSW and 10.7% (95% CI, 5.7%-19.3%) in vaccinated MSW (P = .96). Prevalence was 40.3% (95% CI, 36.0%-44.8%) in unvaccinated MSM and 29.9% (95% CI, 23.1%-37.8%) in vaccinated MSM (P = .02). Among those with confirmed doses, quadrivalent types were detected in 0% (95% CI, 0%-7.7%; n = 46) of men who had their first dose at 13-19 years and 37.2% (95% CI, 27.5%-47.8%; n = 94) in those who received their first dose at 20 years or older. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate the importance of universal adolescent HPV vaccination to ensure MSM receive the same benefits as MSW.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".