The relative contributions of aortic and carotid artery stiffness to CeVD and cognition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The relative contributions of aortic and carotid artery stiffness on cognitive impairment and dementia remain unknown. We examined the associations of aortic and carotid artery stiffness with cerebrovascular disease markers, cognition, and dementia subtypes in a memory clinic cohort. 272 participants underwent applanation tonometry, carotid ultrasonography, 3T brain MRI, and neuropsychological assessment. Aortic stiffness parameters (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, aortic augmentation index, and aortic pulse pressure) were obtained with applanation tonometry whilst carotid artery stiffness parameters (β-index, pressure-strain elastic modulus, and pulse- wave velocity-β) were assessed by carotid ultrasonography, from which composite scores for aortic and carotid artery stiffness were calculated. Brain magnetic resonance images were graded for cerebrovascular disease markers, including white matter hyperintensities (WMH), lacunes, cerebral microbleeds, cortical infarcts, and stenosis. Cognition was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke–Canadian Stroke Network harmonization battery in order to classify participants as having no cognitive impairment, cognitive impairment no dementia, or dementia subtyped as Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. After considering both aortic and carotid artery stiffness in the same regression models, carotid artery stiffness remained independently and significantly associated with WMH (β=0.78, p<0.001), cortical infarcts (odds ratio [OR], 1.05, p=0.003), vascular dementia (OR, 1.10, p=0.017), MMSE (β=-0.89, p=0.013), global cognition (β=-0.33, p=0.017), and visuomotor speed (β=-0.19, p=0.004). Although aortic stiffness was associated with lacunes (OR, 1.09, p=0.035), and cortical infarcts (OR, 1.063, p=0.016), these associations became non-significant after adjusting for carotid artery stiffness. We found that compared with aortic stiffness, carotid artery stiffness had more robust associations with markers of cerebrovascular disease, vascular dementia, and cognitive function in memory clinic patients. Our study suggests that carotid artery stiffness may have a more salient effect on the brain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".