Compact intracavity mid-infrared upconversion detector – a systematic study
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mid-IR light detection based on intracavity upconversion using a compact structure has been studied experimentally and theoretically. The mid-IR detector consists of a 47.5 mm MgO doped periodically poled lithium niobate crystal placed in a resonant cavity of a 1064 nm diode-pumped Nd:YVO 4 laser to enhance efficiency. The generated 1064 nm light is mixed with a mid-infrared source emitting at 3469 nm using an intracavity dichroic mirror. This produces short wave infrared 814.2 nm light via sum frequency generation (SFG). The upconverted light overlaps with the high responsivity for commercial off-the-shelf silicon photodetectors, enabling high speed and high sensitivity detection, surpassing direct mid-infrared detection. The lowest power detected was 150 nW, and the theoretical noise equivalent power for state-of-the-art Si detectors is 1.7⋅ f W/Hz. The free-running cavity requires no active stabilization, and the total packaged prototype size is 3.75 × 3.0 × 8.0 cm, which is relatively compact. An experimental power conversion efficiency of up to 36.0% is observed, which agrees well with theoretical simulations. A systematic theoretical study is performed to investigate the potential for further device optimization.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it