Neurobiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental condition characterized by significant and persistent difficulties with social interaction and communication and by restricted and repetitive behaviors. Signs are often noted during the first 3 years of a child’s life, often worsening with stress or environmental exigencies. There is no single cause for ASD; research suggests a multifactorial condition associated with multiple gene effects and environmental factors. Many of the autism risk genes have also been shown to be involved in intellectual disability and epilepsy. Comorbidities abound (e.g., seizures, GI disturbances, sleep problems, anxiety disorders) and are associated with worse outcomes and increased health needs. Comorbidities often manifest themselves in preschool years, can detrimentally reinforce each other (e.g., epilepsy and sleep disorders), and may be a predictor of maladaptive behaviors. The imaging and neuropathological literature suggest that multiple brain regions (e.g., cerebral cortex, limbic system, cerebellum) are affected. These neuroanatomical differences in the brain are already visible in the first 2 years of life and are highly variable across the human life span. Currently, there are no medications approved to treat the core symptoms of ASD. Identification and treatment of comorbidities may serve to improve the quality of life of affected patients. Behavioral treatments may be delivered to change targeted symptoms. Well-planned and carefully delivered treatments, both developmental and behavioral, improve children’s functioning, particularly IQ and language abilities, both over the shorter and longer term.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".