Numerical Investigation of Fully Grouted Reinforced Concrete Masonry Walls under Bidirectional Loading: In-Plane Capacity Reduction due to Out-of-Plane Loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The structural behavior of fully grouted reinforced concrete masonry (RM) walls subjected to either pure in-plane (IP) or pure out-of-plane (OOP) loading has been thoroughly examined in the literature. However, in certain circumstances (e.g., seismic loading), RM walls could be subjected to combined IP and OOP loads. This study conducts a comprehensive numerical investigation into the structural behaviors of RM walls under combined IP and OOP loading, focusing on the influence of geometric parameters (aspect ratio and height-to-thickness ratio) and precompression load. To capture the possible failure modes of RM walls under bidirectional loading scenarios, a simplified micromodeling approach is employed in this study. The numerical simulations were performed in the general-purpose finite element software package ABAQUS. The simulation results indicated that the presence of OOP loads can induce substantial IP capacity reductions, especially for flexural-governed walls characterized by a larger aspect ratio and a low level of precompression load. For flexural-governed walls, IP and OOP capacity interactions were found to be less sensitive to geometrical parameters and precompression load than shear-governed walls. The most interaction was observed for highly slender walls without precompression loads, indicating a reduction in IP capacity by 45% when OOP loading is at 80% of its corresponding capacity. A further comparison between the RM walls and their counterparts, unreinforced masonry (URM) walls, suggested that the IP capacity reduction of RM walls could be 11.6% less than that in URM walls, indicating the positive effects of reinforcements in mitigating the IP–OOP interaction effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".