Association between Depression and Postural Balance in Older Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Several studies examined the reciprocal relationship between knee osteoarthritis (KOA), depression, and postural balance separately; however, few studies have investigated the relationship between them.Therefore, this study aimed to identify the relationship between postural balance and depression among patients with KOA in Saudi Arabia.Methods and Results: A total of 71 patients with KOA were recruited (36 males, 35 females) with a mean age of 55.08.6 years, mean knee pain of 7.21.0,and mean Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) of 44.911.6.Depression was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).The participants were asked to complete the HADS, rate their pain in both knees using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the WOMAC, and undergo the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) to assess the postural balance.A significantly strong negative correlation was observed between postural balance and anxiety and depression in all the participants (BBS and HADS: r=-0.920,P<0.001), as well as a significant negative correlation between knee pain and postural balance (VAS and BBS: r=-0.26,P=0.029) Conclusion: Decrease in postural balance was associated with a higher level of anxiety and depression in addition to knee pain among patients with KOA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".