Formation and conversion of hydrate zinc sulfate hydroxide in aqueous Zn/MnO2 batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aqueous Zn/MnO 2 batteries (AZMBs) are suitable for large-scale energy storage because of the advantages of safety, low cost and environmentally friendliness. However, the energy storage mechanism in AZMBs is still inconclusive, especially in sulfate-based electrolytes. In this work, we investigate the formation and conversion mechanisms of hydrate zinc sulfate hydroxide, Zn 4 SO 4 ·(OH) 6 ·xH 2 O (ZSH), aiming to elucidate the reaction mechanism and capacity origin of AZMBs with ZnSO 4 and MnSO 4 as the electrolyte. Results show that ZSH is an important intermediate in the electrolyte. It is observed that the electrochemical reaction occurs at the cathode/electrolyte interface involving the generation of ZSH-induced ZnMn 3 O 7 ‧2H 2 O during a long-term cycling. In addition, transformation of ZSH to Zn at the anode/electrolyte interface is observed, implying that ZSH not only induces the uneven deposition of Zn 2+ from electrolyte, but also in-situ converts into metallic Zn during the repeated cycling. This research provides an in-depth understanding of the formation and conversion of ZSH in AZMBs with potential impacts on Zn anode protection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".