Bibliographic record
Abstract
Brexit: A critical juncture in Canada-Europe relations? This article assesses how Brexit – the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU) – has impacted Canada’s relations with its European partners. Based on a historical institutionalist framework, it reviews three key dimensions of Brexit: economic disintegration, political differentiation, and populist mobilization. In each dimension, it assesses whether Brexit has increased institutional contingency – meaning that it opened up competing options for the development of Canada-UK and Canada-EU relations – and reviews which forms of institutional change have occurred in since the 2016 referendum. Le Brexit : un moment critique pour les relations transatlantiques du Canada Cet article évalue l’impact du Brexit - le retrait du Royaume-Uni de l’Union européenne (UE) - sur les relations que le Canada entretient avec ses partenaires européens. L’article se fonde sur une approche historique et institutionnaliste pour passer en revue trois dimensions du Brexit : la désintégration économique, la différenciation politique et la mobilisation populiste. Pour chaque dimension, il détermine si le Brexit a constitué un moment critique pour les relations transatlantiques du Canada (c’est-à-dire, le Brexit a-t-il augmenté la contingence institutionnelle ?) puis établit les changements survenus depuis le référendum de 2016. L’analyse montre que le Brexit a en effet donné lieu à des débats publics sur les nouvelles orientations des relations Canada-Royaume-Uni et Canada-UE. Cependant, les changements qui ont eu lieu depuis le Brexit sont restés graduels et relativement subtils. Dans la dimension économique, un ensemble limité de nouvelles institutions Canada-Royaume-Uni s’est ajouté aux institutions Canada-UE sans les remettre en question. Dans la dimension politique, les configurations institutionnelles sont demeurées stables. Quant à la dimension du populisme, l’augmentation de la politisation des relations transatlantiques dans les discours des partis politiques canadiens ne s’est pas répercutée plus largement dans la société.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.034 | 0.048 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.024 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".