Experimental tests of a soil-steel culvert with a shallow soil cover under static loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Soil-steel culverts and bridges are more and more often an element of road and railway infrastructure in Poland and the world. In many cases, using an appropriate soil cover depth over such structures is impossible, which is necessary to operate these objects safely. Therefore, the paper’s primary purpose is to assess the behaviour of the soil-steel culvert with a soil cover height of 0.20 m above the steel shell. This height of soil cover of structures is extremely low, below the requirements of standards (e.g., Canadian Standards). The tested soil-steel culvert has the following dimensions: (i) span 2.1 m, (ii) height 1.45 m, (iii) length 2.32 m, (iv) sheet thickness 2.5 mm, and the wave profile is 68×13 mm. Experimental tests were carried out in a laboratory in a specially constructed test box with dimensions of 2.32 m × 4.34 m × 2.49 m. As a result of the tests, the behaviour of this structure under static load was observed. A standardised static road load was used in the model tests of the soil-steel culvert. During the tests, the vehicle load was simulated by concentrated force (loading speed was 1 kN/s, and the maximum load duration was 600 seconds). The tests measured displacements and strains of the corrugated steel shell under a given load. The obtained results are of great cognitive importance, as similar studies have not been performed so far.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".