Tracheal collapse rates in Kenyan working cart and pack donkeys
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Donkeys in East Africa are recognized as working with poorly designed harnesses and carts. The donkey cart used in regions of Africa, specifically Meru County, Kenya, appears to place the cart’s weight solely on the donkey’s mid-cervical region where the trachea is superficially located. Objectives: To compare the presence and severity of endoscopic abnormalities in the upper airway and trachea of Meru County working cart donkeys compared to pack donkeys. To determine associations between endoscopic and external physical exam findings. Study design: Cross-sectional Methods: At voluntary health clinics, physical examination and endoscopy of the upper airway and trachea were evaluated and recorded at rest on 66 donkeys (38 cart donkeys and 28 pack donkeys). The presence and grade of tracheal collapse, tracheal ring abnormalities, tracheal mucous and pharyngitis were subsequently determined on the endoscopy recordings by blinded evaluators. Mann–Whitney and Chi-square/Fisher’s exact tests were used to investigate associations between work type and physical exam and endoscopy findings. Results: Significant associations were identified between work type and tracheal collapse severity, ring abnormalities, pharyngitis, skin lesions, and skin hypertrophy with these findings more common in cart than pack donkeys (all P<0.03). Moderate tracheal collapse (grade 3) was present in 40% (95% CI: 24-57%) of cart and 0% (0-12%) of pack donkeys. Exam findings were significantly and positively associated with endoscopy findings (all P<0.002). Main limitations: Standing endoscopy was performed at rest, not dynamic endoscopy during the pulling of carts. Conclusion: Moderate tracheal collapse was seen in cart donkeys when compared to pack donkeys. Physical exam findings at rest were associated with tracheal collapse and tracheal ring abnormalities. This work may help identify by physical examination donkeys that are at greatest need of improved harnesses.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".