Parental Postpartum Depression and Children’s Socioemotional Development: The Role of Socioeconomic Inequality
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: Parental postpartum depression (PPD) is a documented risk factor for mental health problems in childhood, but little is known about its interplay with family socioeconomic status (SES). This study tested the interactive effect of SES in the associations of PPD with mental health symptoms in children from infancy to adolescence. Method: Data used for this study were from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development. Data included self-reported maternal and paternal depressive symptoms at 5 months postpartum, using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Parents, teachers, and children/adolescents reported internalizing/externalizing symptoms in children/adolescents using the Social Behavior Questionnaire (ages 3.5-13 years) and the Mental Health and Social Inadaptation Assessment for Adolescents (ages 15-17 years). Mothers reported SES at baseline. Cross-classified 3-level mixed effects modeling was used to test associations. Results: < .001). Conclusion: PPD in both parents increases the risk of mental health problems in children, with a greater effect in low SES families.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".