Apomixis in Systematics, Evolution and Phylogenetics of Angiosperms: Current Developments and Prospects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Apomixis, the reproduction via asexually formed seed, is taxonomically scattered in angiosperms. \nHere we review the major developmental pathways to apomixis and the occurrences on the \nlevel of orders and families. We provide surveys of large families for which occurrences and \nevolutionary pathways of apomixis are well documented (Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, \nPlumbaginaceae, Rosaceae, Brassicaceae, Rutaceae, and Asteraceae). Molecular phylogenetic, \nphylogenomic, and cytogenetic studies have confirmed that apomixis frequently arises in \nhybrids, with or without polyploidy. Multiple origins, different developmental pathways, and \ngenetic/epigenetic control mechanisms confirm that apomixis is a derived trait. Pollen functions \nare in many taxa maintained for fertilization of polar nuclei and proper endosperm development, \nwhich allows also for maintenance of facultative sexuality and further intercrossing of lineages. \nThis way, apomixis often results in huge and dynamic complexes of numerous hybrid genotypes \nand phenotypes with highly reticulate relationships. Such complexes are successful to establish \nin various habitats and geographical regions. Expression of apomixis appears to be in some \ngenera influenced by environmental conditions. The diversity of evolutionary pathways is \nreflected in various, genus-wise taxonomic treatments. Future research is needed to understand \nthe short-term evolutionary dynamics, the functional background for apomixis, and the \nlong-term evolutionary fates of apomictic lineages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".