Measurement Of Submaximal Respiratory Indexes Of Aerobic Fitness In Parkinson’s Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Individualized exercise prescription in Parkinson’s (PD) typically relies on maximal cardiorespiratory testing. Yet, maximal effort may be challenging in patients and ventilatory thresholds-based prescription is preferable for training stimulus standardization across individuals. Impaired chemosensitivity to hypoxia has been described even in early-stage PD. While the cause remains elusive, reduced response to hypoxia may affect our ability to measure submaximal, respiration-based indexes of cardiorespiratory fitness. PURPOSE: to compare values of gas exchange threshold (GET), respiratory compensation point (RCP), oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) in early-stage PD vs controls (C). METHODS: 34 volunteers (68 ± 7 yrs, 25.4 ± 4.0 BMI), 17 with PD (1.8 ± 0.6 H&Y) and 17 age-matched C (35% females in both groups) performed an incremental cycling test to exhaustion. PD were tested in on- medication state. Cardiorespiratory variables were measured breath by breath with a metabolic cart. Maximal values, GET, RCP and OUES were compared between groups by unpaired t-test. The relationship between OUES and VO2max was tested with Pearson correlation. RESULTS: While the maximal heart rate (HRmax) reached upon exhaustion was lower in (mostly β-blocked) PD vs C (81.8 ± 12.3 vs 95.5 ± 9.6 % of estimated HRmax, p < .001), a comparable and elevated respiratory quotient corroborated maximal effort in both populations (1.11 ± 0.07 vs 1.15 ± 0.09, p = .09). Similar values of maximal ventilation (67.2 ± 22.7 vs 70.9 ± 13.8 l·min-1, p = .60) and VO2max (24.8 ± 6.2 vs 25.2 ± 5.6 ml·Kg-1·min-1, p = .80) were reached upon exhaustion by PD and C, respectively. Thresholds were identified in 100% of PD and C participants: comparable values of GET (14.7 ± 3.5 vs 15.1 ± 3.3 ml·Kg-1·min-1, p = .80) and RCP (21.3 ± 5.1 vs 20.3 ± 4.7 ml·Kg-1·min-1, p = .50) were detected in the two groups. OUES was similar in both groups (2.25 ± 0.61 vs 2.12 ± 0.53, p = .52) and moderately correlated with VO2max (r2 = 0.44, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Respiration-based indexes of cardiorespiratory fitness such a GET, RCP and OUES can be effectively measured in early-stage PD and C alike. Submaximal, sensitive to training and optimal for exercise intensity tailoring, these indexes offer a valuable tool for testing, monitoring and exercise prescription for symptoms management in PD. Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano-Ufficio Innovazione e Tecnologia
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".