Synergistic Effect of C-S-H–PCE and Al2(SO4)3 on the Hydration Properties of Lithium Slag–Cement Composite Binder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To enhance the early strength development of lithium slag composite binder, synergistic action of calcium silicate hydrates (C─ S─ Hs)–polycarboxylate (PCE) and Al2(SO4)3 on the hydration properties of lithium slag–cement binder was studied. Results showed that C─ S─ H─ PCE and Al2(SO4)3 synergistically facilitated the solidification and hardening of composite binder. The combination of 2% C─ S─ H─ PCE and 6% Al2(SO4)3 enhanced the compressive strength of the composite cement mortar at 1 day, 3 days, and 28 days by 37.6%, 33.1%, and 9.9%, respectively. By providing nucleation sites, C─ S─ H─ PCE facilitated the early hydration of silicates and the pozzolanic reaction of lithium slag, leading to shortened induction period, advanced heat release peak, increased total hydration heat release, and increased production of portlandite (CH) crystals. Aluminum sulfate facilitated dissolution of lithium slag (LS) and expedited the production of ettringite (AFt). The synergistic adoption of C─ S─ H─ PCE and Al2(SO4)3 facilitated the hydration of both clinker and LS, and the hydration products were more abundant, contributing to a more compact matrix.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".