Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lentil is an important grain legume crop of food, feed, industrial, and agronomic significance.The global areas under its cultivation fluctuate from year to year but have a stable tendency to increase.The largest areas under cultivation are concentrated in Asian and American countries, while the smallest are in Europe.From 2000 to 2022, there was a significant increase in lentil cultivation areas in American, Oceanian, and European countries, indicating a strengthening position of lentils in the international agricultural market.Analysis by individual countries shows that the largest areas under lentil cultivation are in India and Canada.Up until 2016, India held the leadership position in this indicator among countries worldwide, but since 2016, Canada has taken over.From 2000 to 2022, the share of India and Canada in the global lentil cultivation areas structure ranged from 50% to 66%, with Turkey (5-13%), Australia (2-11%), and the USA (2-7%) following.In Ukraine, lentil cultivation areas did not exceed 500 hectares until 2011.In 2012, they increased to 2,100 hectares with subsequent significant fluctuations from 300 hectares in 2015 to 24,500 hectares in 2018, which had a corresponding impact on the production volumes of this crop.Global lentil production volumes were 18.44 million tons for the period 2006-2010, 24.44 million tons for 2011-2015, and 32.57 million tons for 2016-2020, indicating a steady growth trend.This applies to all regions of the world except the African continent, where lentil production remains stable.The highest production volumes come from Asian countries (47.8%) and American countries (40.2%).The lowest lentil production is in European countries, accounting for only 2.0% of global production.Analyzing individual countries globally, during the period of 2000-2022, 78.1% of the world's lentil production comes from five leading countries: Canada -34.5%, India -22.8%,Turkey -9.0%, Australia -6.8%, USA -5.0%.Australia and Canada achieve the highest lentil yields among the leading countries, while India has the lowest.Ukraine has a relatively low level of lentil yield, although starting from 2011, it exceeded India in most years and only lagged behind Australia and Canada in 2021.Expanding cultivation areas and increasing production volumes of this grain legume crop could be an important step in the development of agriculture in Ukraine, ensuring a stable supply of this high-protein crop to the domestic market and strengthening Ukraine's position in the international agricultural market.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".