Bituminous geomembranes in mining applications in the Americas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bituminous geomembranes (BGM) have been used over the last 20 years in mining applications in innovative ways, to reduce the hazards of mining in the environment. BGM is a reinforced geomembrane made of a geotextile from 250 gr/m² to 400 gr/m2 impregnated by elastomeric bitumen. This gives the geomembrane unique features that enables their use in demanding weather conditions of low temperatures (– 45°C or -49°F in Northern Canada or Europe) or high temperatures (+40°C in Brazil) due to its low thermal expansion coefficient that avoids the formation of wrinkles. This allows the installation and welding at high temperatures in the countries of Latin America. This paper will describe how several unique characteristics have been used for challenging and environmentally sensitive mining projects throughout the Americas, including treatment of solid waste spoil dumps (heap leach pads, closure, and encapsulation of mining facilities) of different types of ore: gold, diamonds, lithium, copper, silver, rare earth: niobium and in hydraulic applications for tailings or clear water dams and reservoirs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".