Prompt Response, Cues-Pause-Point Therapies and Gender on Management of Echolalia among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The repetitive and delayed nature of echolalia can hinder the development of adaptive behaviors and impact the ability to establish rapport with others. This study investigated the effects of prompt response and cues-pause-point therapies on the management of echolalia among children with autism spectrum disorder. A pre-test, post-test, and control group of a 3x2 factorial matrix of quasi-experimental research design was used to assess the effect of the therapies on children with autism spectrum disorder in Ibadan, Nigeria. 90children with autism spectrum disorder were purposively selected using Diagnostic Statistical Manual- V (DSM-V) for ASD (0.70), Gilliam Autism Rating Scale/Third Edition (GARS-3) (in terms of sensitivity= 0.97, ROU/AUC= 0.93). In contrast, the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) (0.90) was used for the pretest and posttest to ascertain the presence of echolalia. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: prompt response, cues-pause-point therapies, or control (N = 90, male = 44, female = 46, age range = 3 –5 years old). Twenty-four prompt response and cues-pause-point therapy were held for each experimental group. The findings showed that the main effect of treatment (prompt response and cues-pause-point therapies) (F (2; 72) = 45.519, p<.05, ƞ2 = .558) on the management of echolalia among children with autism was significant, premised on this, the null hypothesis was rejected. The post hoc estimated marginal mean indicates that prompt response treatment was higher than cues-pause-point therapy; however, this difference was statistically significant. The study findings indicated that the impact of gender on managing echolalia in individuals with ASD was not statistically significant. Based on the findings, it is recommended that speech therapists, caregivers, and parents of children with autism spectrum disorder should seek alternative therapy that will take into cognizance other underlying factors associated with the presence of echolalia.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".