The Male And Female Athlete Triad Are Associated With Anxiety In Collegiate Athletes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between components of the Male and Female Triad and anxiety in NCAA (DI, DII, and DIII) collegiate varsity athletes. We hypothesized that 1) athletes who have higher disordered eating scores will have higher anxiety, 2) there will be an association between reproductive dysfunction and higher anxiety, and 3) higher division level athletes will have higher prevalence of anxiety and disordered eating. METHODS: Varsity athletes (National Collegiate Athletic Association, NCAA; n = 157) from a variety of colleges and universities within the United States completed online questionnaires that assessed disordered eating (Disordered Eating Screen for Athletes, DESA; and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire Short, EDES) and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7). Additionally, the Hypogonadism Impact of Symptoms Questionnaire Short Form (HIS-Q) and the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) were used to assess reproductive dysfunction in males and females, respectively. RESULTS: The athletes were 19.6 ± 0.12 years of age including women (n = 115) and men (n = 38). Disclosing gender identity was optional (n = 5, did not disclose gender). Average body mass index was 23.7 ± 0.24 kg/m2. Fifty-six percent of the athletes demonstrated no/mild anxiety, while 44% of the athletes displayed moderate/severe anxiety. Anxiety was associated with measures of disordered eating (EDES, p < 0.001; DESA, p < 0.001) and reproductive dysfunction in female (LEAF-Q, p < 0.001) and male (HIS-Q, p = 0.020) athletes. Chi-square tests demonstrated that a higher proportion of moderate/severe anxiety scores was present in DI athletes (58%; p = 0.049) compared to DII (49%) or DIII (30%) NCAA athletes. Twenty-eight percent of the athletes demonstrated disordered eating (DESA score > = 3) and a higher proportion of disordered eating was also present in DI athletes (53 %; p = 0.031) compared to DII (23%) or DIII (28%) NCAA athletes. CONCLUSION: The current study reports an association between anxiety and the Athlete Triad. NCAA Division I athletes report a higher level of anxiety and the Athlete Triad vs DII and DIII athletes. Further research is needed to explore the type of sport in relation to anxiety, resources available to student-athletes, as well as potential interventions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".