Corticospinal Inhibition Is Greater In Males Than Females In An Upper And Lower Limb Muscle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Males and females differ in their neuroanatomy and may therefore differ in their neurophysiology. A previous study found greater corticospinal inhibition in males compared with females in the first dorsal interosseous (FDI). However, it is unclear if this sex-related difference in corticospinal inhibition is muscle specific. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare corticospinal excitability and inhibition between males and females in the FDI and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. METHODS: Twenty healthy males (age: 23.2 ± 2.7 years; height: 179.7 ± 7.3 cm; weight: 77.1 ± 12.3 kg) and 20 healthy females (age: 22.7 ± 2.2 years; height: 163.8 ± 5.9 cm; weight: 61.6 ± 9.1 kg) completed two testing sessions, one for the FDI and one for the TA. The amplitude of the maximal M-wave (Mmax) was assessed as the maximal electrical response of the muscle to electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve and deep fibular nerve. Participants then contracted their FDI or TA to 50% of their maximum force while single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied to the area of the brain that controls the FDI or TA. Corticospinal excitability was measured through the amplitude of the motor evoked potential (MEP) and normalized to Mmax of each muscle. Corticospinal inhibition was assessed as the duration of the cortical silent period (CSP). Outcome measures were compared between muscles and sexes. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in MEP/Mmax amplitude between sexes (p = 0.64) or muscles (p = 0.23), and no significant interaction between sex and muscle (p = 0.40). CSP duration was significantly longer in males compared to females (p < 0.001) but was not different between muscles (p = 0.88), and there was no significant interaction between sex and muscle (p = 0.80). CONCLUSION: Healthy males had greater corticospinal inhibition than females in both the upper and lower limb, despite having similar levels of excitability. Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2019-05127)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".