Splanchnic Blood Flow During Dynamic Moderate-intensity Exercise: Effects Of Aging In Females
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Blood flow to the active muscles increases during dynamic exercise, whereas blood flow to inactive organs, which include splanchnic organs and inactive limbs, declines. The splanchnic region receives about 25% of cardiac output at rest but is reduced to 20-25% of basal values during exercise. Splanchnic blood flow during exercise differs between young and old males, but no investigations have confirmed this finding in females. To our knowledge, there are no available data on age differences in females in splanchnic blood flow during dynamic exercise. PURPOSE: To elucidate the effects of aging in females on arterial blood pressure and celiac artery blood flow responses to dynamic moderate-intensity exercise. We hypothesized that the reduction in celiac artery blood flow during dynamic moderate-intensity exercise would be greater in elderly females than in young females. METHODS: Ten young healthy females (YF: 20 ± 2 yrs, mean ± SD) and ten elderly healthy females (EF: 71 ± 5 yrs) performed dynamic knee-extension and -flexion for 4-min at 30% heart rate reserve. The changes from baseline for heart rate (HR; ECG), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; finger photoplethysmography), celiac artery mean blood flow (MBF; Doppler ultrasound) and vascular conductance (MBF/MAP) were calculated. RESULTS: HR increased in both groups at onset of exercise and was maintained throughout exercise. HR increase was higher in the YF than in EF (+37.3 ± 5.5 vs. 26.0 ± 5.3 beats/min, P < 0.001). The increase in MAP during exercise was greater in the EF than in YF (+27.2 ± 10.3 vs. +12.8 ± 6.9 mmHg, P < 0.001). MBF decreased during exercise in both groups, and there was no significant difference between YF and EF (-100.3 ± 64.5 vs. -84.7 ± 68.9 mL/min, P = 0.61). Celiac artery vascular conductance also decreased during exercise in both groups, and there was no difference in response between YF and EF (-1.8 ± 1.0 vs. -1.5 ± 0.7 mL/min/mmHg, P = 0.33). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that aging in females has minimal effect on changes in blood flow in the celiac artery during dynamic moderate-intensity exercise. Supported by JSPS KAKENHI # 22H03479, # 23 K10633, # 23KJ1072. Supported by JSPS KAKENHI # 22H03479, # 23 K10633, # 23KJ1072
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".