Association Between Objectively Measured Physical Activity And Salivary Cortisol Levels In Adolescents With Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Previous studies have identified irregularities in salivary cortisol levels, a key stress biomarker, in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). However, little is known about the association of sedentary time (ST) and different levels of physical activity, e.g., light (LPA), moderate (MPA), moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA), and vigorous (VPA), with salivary cortisol levels (a biomarker of stress) in adolescents with NDD. METHODS: 151 adolescents with clinically diagnosed NDD (28 with autism, 48 with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 75 with comorbid ASD-ADHD) and aged between 12-17 years were recruited in Hong Kong. Saliva samples were collected in the afternoon using salivates. Device-based PA levels were measured using a tri-axial wrist-worn accelerometer. We employed Freedson’s cutoff points to categorize the ST and PA levels. Data were analyzed using bootstrapping regression models (bias-corrected method, n = 5 K), adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Accelerometer data were processed with ActiLife software. Cortisol levels were quantified using an enzyme immunoassay ELISA kit. Data analysis was conducted in R Studio. RESULTS: Significant positive associations were shown between ST and cortisol levels (β = 0.0003, 95% CI = 0.00004 to 0.0006, p = 0.041) and a reverse association between VPA and cortisol levels in adolescents with ASD-ADHD (β = -0.005, 95% CI = -0.001 to -0.0001, p = 0.046). Among adolescents with ASD, MPA was positively associated with cortisol levels, although this was not statistically significant. In female adolescents with ADHD, cortisol levels were positively associated with LPA (β = 0.0007, 95% CI = 0.0001 to 0.0012, p = 0.017). CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrated the relationship between ST and PA levels with salivary cortisol levels in adolescents with ADHD and comorbid ASD-ADHD. Participation in PA programs may be essential for mitigating stress in this population. This study was funded by General Research Fund from Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (#14619720).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".