Development of Methylene Bis-Benzotriazolyl Tetramethylbutylphenol-grafted lignin sub-microspheres loaded with TiO2 for sunscreen applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lignin serves as a promising Ultraviolet (UV) absorber within sunscreen industry. However, the commercial development of lignin-containing sunscreens faces challenges due to their low sun protection factor (SPF) and dark color in cosmetics industry. In this study, dual modifications on the chemical and physical structures of lignin were conducted to address these challenges. Initially, methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol (MBBT) was grafted onto alkali lignin (AL) through an atom transfer radical polymerization reaction, resulting in a polymer of AL-graft-MBBT 3 (AL-g-MBBT 3 ). The sunscreen prepared with 10% AL-g-MBBT 3 displays outstanding sun protection performance with a SPF of 42.93 and a light color with a color difference value (Δ E ) of 45.6, in contrast to 10% AL with a SPF of 4.74 and a Δ E value of 49.5. Subsequently, AL-g-MBBT 3 was transformed into normal submicron spheres (AL-g-MBBT 3 N) and TiO 2 -loading submicron spheres (AL-g-MBBT 3 /TiO 2 ). The sun protection performances of 10% AL-g-MBBT 3 N@C and AL-g-MBBT 3 /TiO 2 @C sunscreens obviously surpass that of AL-g-MBBT 3 @C sunscreen, achieving SPFs of 60.38 and 66.20, respectively. Additionally, there is a considerable improvement in the color of these sunscreens, with Δ E values of 41.8 and 36.3, respectively. These results provide valuable insights into exploring lignin's high-value applications in sunscreen.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".