Bibliographic record
Abstract
Flight data of trailing vortices, generated by Heavy Category jet transport airplanes in high altitude cruising flight, has been measured by an instrumented research airplane. Earlier analysis yielded a variety of vortex core states. Highly peaked vortex velocity profiles had radial instability, when assessed by the Rayleigh stability parameter. Concurrently, unsteady vortex core diffusion in axial segmentation was present, together with unsteady circumferential discretization of vorticity, into rings of circumferential N-point vortices. Occasional examples of N-point ring vortex condensate images have been extracted presently from flight video recordings. Visible condensate in the vortex cores has customarily displayed axisymmetric, funnel features. Recent perspective analysis of video records has shown that the features translated axially, as waves: approximately 75% travelled upstream and 25% downstream, for a particular type of jet transport airplane, as an example. Propagation speeds varied, with a mean of 41 m/s upstream, and wide variations, towards sonic speed, in the trailing vortex spatiotemporal region of greatest dynamic behaviour, including vortex plane tilt, possibly indicative of abrupt pressure disturbances, such as occurrences of abrupt vortex bursts and core vents. For this case, the trailing vortex cores were warmer than surrounding air and core edges cooler.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".