Consumption of non-native rainbow smelt (<i>Osmerus mordax</i>) is associated with changes in the heart morphology of wild lake trout (<i>Salvelinus namaycush</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The heart is an essential organ for survival and reproduction across all animals. In particular, salmonine fishes display vast variability in heart morphology across and even within populations, which often reflects their functional requirements for cardiac output and aerobic capacity. However, changes in heart morphology are not always adaptive, and other factors such as diet can influence heart morphology. A growing concern is the consumption of the thiamine (vitamin B1)-degrading enzyme thiaminase found in some prey species such as rainbow smelt ( Osmerus mordax (Mitchell, 1814)). Here, we investigate the association between rainbow smelt consumption and heart morphology in wild lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792)) found in the Sudbury Basin (Ontario, Canada). We found that rainbow smelt consumption is associated with increases in ventricular mass, reductions in ventricular fluid content, and alterations in the allometry of myocardia. We discuss the potential impacts of these changes in heart morphology for the conservation of the species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".