A Transmit-Receive Phased Array for Microbubble-Mediated Focused Ultrasound Brain Therapy in Small Animals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Focused ultrasound (FUS) combined with circulating microbubbles (MBs) can be employed for non-invasive, localized agent delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Previous work has demonstrated the feasibility of clinical-scale transmit-receive phased arrays for performing transcranial therapies under MB imaging feedback. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to design, construct, and evaluate a dual-mode phased array for MB-mediated FUS brain therapy in small animals. METHODS: = 1.16 MHz) and 128 broadband PVDF receivers within a 3D-printed scaffold. RESULTS: The transmit array's focal size at the geometric focus was 0.8 mm × 0.8 mm × 1.7 mm, with a 31 mm/27 mm (lateral/axial) steering range. The receive array's point spread function was 0.6 mm × 0.6 mm × 1.5 mm (1.16 MHz source) at the geometric focus, and sources were localized up to 30 mm/16 mm (lateral/axial) from geometric focus. The array was able to spatially map MB cloud activity in 3D throughout a vessel-mimicking phantom at sub-, ultra-, and second-harmonic frequencies. Preliminary in-vivo work demonstrated its ability to induce localized BBB permeability changes under 3D sub-harmonic MB imaging feedback in a mouse model. CONCLUSION: Small form factor transmit-receive phased arrays enable acoustic imaging-controlled FUS and MB-mediated brain therapies with high targeting precision required for rodent studies. SIGNIFICANCE: Dual-mode phased arrays dedicated for small animal use will facilitate high-throughput studies of FUS-mediated BBB permeability enhancement to explore novel therapeutic strategies for future clinical application.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".