Experimental study on pressure and temperature distribution characteristics of subcritical and supercritical water in vertical flow channel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To enhance knowledge about efficiency improvement and reactor optimization in supercritical water gasification, an experimental system was designed to study the pressure and temperature distribution of subcritical and supercritical water in a channel, representing a simplified continuous reactor. The pressure drop and temperature distribution along and perpendicular to the forced flow are studied by the measure points inserted inside the test section. Experimental results show that the pressure drop in the test section is linearly negatively correlated with the average enthalpy of the inlet and outlet, eventually reaching negative values (−0.177 MPa) at high average enthalpy (2300 kJ kg−1). Temperature and specific enthalpy along the flow direction match theoretical estimates, except near the pseudocritical region. In subcritical cases, horizontal temperature differences are positively correlated with enthalpy differences and mass flow rates but remain nearly constant in supercritical cases. However, with fluid temperature rising from the pseudocritical point, the horizontal temperature difference first increases, then decreases, and reaching a peak of 4.29 K at a fluid temperature of 664 K. Analysis of the obtained data reveals that the negative correlation and values of the pressure drop are caused by fluid volume expansion. Additionally, fluid volume expansion, near-wall natural convection, and turbulent forced flow fluctuations contribute to horizontal temperature non-uniformity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".