Properties of the prefrontal tracts and cingulum bundle in children with prenatal alcohol exposure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) significantly impacts brain structure and function, including cognition and behavior. The cingulum bundle and frontal lobe mediate social-, emotional- and cognitive-related functioning that are affected by PAE. However, the neurobehavioural development of the cingulum and intra-frontal tracts has not been examined in people with PAE. METHODS: We recruited 29 children and adolescents with PAE and 42 age- and gender-matched unexposed controls. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were acquired on a 3 T scanner. The rostral, dorsal and parahippocampal cingulum as well as medio-orbitofrontal, lateral-orbitofrontal, dorsolateral-prefrontal and medial-prefrontal tracts, were delineated and their fractional anisotropy and mean (MD), radial (RD), and axial (AD) diffusivities were calculated using constrained spherical deconvolution and deterministic tractography. We measured behavioural and emotional difficulties using the Behavior Assessment System for Children, 2nd Edition, Parent Rating Scale, and then explored their associations with diffusion metrics that differed between groups. RESULTS: We found lower MD, RD, and AD in the right parahippocampal cingulum and multiple intra-frontal tracts in youth with PAE compared to controls; however, these differences did not withstand correction for multiple comparisons. While, youth with PAE showed significantly more emotional and behavioural difficulties compared to unexposed controls, these challenges were not associated with differences in diffusion metrics between groups. CONCLUSION: PAE may be weakly associated with restricted diffusion in the right parahippocampal cingulum and multiple intra-frontal tracts. However, diffusivity changes related to PAE might not be the primary contributor to emotional and behavioural challenges in children and adolescents with PAE.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".