Microstructure evolution and self‐discharge degradation mechanism in Li/MnO <sub>2</sub> primary batteries
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Li/MnO 2 primary batteries are widely used in industry for their high specific capacity and safety. However, a deep comprehension of the Li + insertion mechanism and the high self‐discharge rate of the batteries is still needed. Here, the storage mechanism of Li + in the tunnel structure of MnO 2 as well as the dissolution and migration of Mn‐ions were investigated based on multi‐scale approaches. The Li/Mn ratio (at%) is determined at about 0.82 when the discharge voltage decreases to 2 V. The limited Li‐ions transport rate in the bulk MnO 2 restrains the reduction reaction, resulting in a low practical specific capacity. Moreover, utilizing spherical aberration‐corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), the presence of a mixed valence state layer of Mn 2+ /Mn 3+ /Mn 4+ on the surface of the original 20 nm MnO 2 particles was identified, which could contribute to the initial dissolution of Mn‐ions. The battery separator exhibited channels for Mn‐ions migration and diffusion and aggregated Mn particles. We put forward the discharge and degradation route in the ways of Mn‐ions trajectories, and our findings provide a deep understanding of the high self‐discharge rates and the capacity decay of Li‐Mn primary batteries.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it