Examining the relationship between a simulated glaucoma impairment and postural threat on quiet stance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Vision provides a crucial source of sensory feedback for balance control. Peripheral visual field deficits developed through glaucoma contribute to balance deficits and a fear of falling. Currently, there is no work that examines the direct effect of fear on balance control among glaucoma patients. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the impact of height-induced fear on balance control among healthy individuals exposed to a simulated glaucoma impairment. METHODS: 31 healthy participants stood quietly on a force plate while wearing a virtual reality head-mounted display (HTC Vive) to collect center of pressure (COP) and head displacement (HD) data. Electrodermal activity (EDA) was recorded from the right palm and surface electromyography (EMG) was collected from the right tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (MGast), and soleus (Sol). Trials were 60s, with two at ground level and two at 7 virtual metres above ground, each exposing participants to normal vision and a simulated glaucoma impairment. After each trial, questionnaires were completed to assess balance confidence, fear of falling, perceived stability, and state anxiety. RESULTS: At height, EDA, fear, and anxiety significantly increased, while perceived stability decreased. Anteroposterior (AP) COP sample entropy (SE) and mean power frequency were significantly greater at height with normal vision, while root mean square amplitude increased at height with the glaucoma simulation. AP HD SE was significantly greater at height with normal vision only. Mediolateral COP SE was significantly greater at height for both visual conditions. Lastly, TA activity and TA/SOL co-contraction was greater with normal vision. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, while experiencing height-induced fear with normal vision, participants developed a tighter control of upright stance (increased MPF, SE, TA/Sol activation); however, this was not observed for the simulated glaucoma conditions. Therefore, balance deficits among glaucoma patients may be mediated by fear of falling contributing to a potentially maladaptive strategy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".