Effects of Exposure to Sublethal Concentrations of Hexavalent Chromium on the Redox Homeostasis of Periwinkle (Tympanotonos fuscatus Linnaeus)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The imbalance between the rate of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of the body to scavenge harmful free radicals (ROS) results in oxidative stress. Hexavalent chromium (Cr 6+ ) is a toxic oxidation state of chromium that induces oxidative stress at high concentrations. In this study, periwinkles were exposed to sublethal concentrations (0.42, 0.84, and 4.2 mgl -1 ) of Cr 6+ for 30 days while the unexposed animals served as control (0 mgl -1 ). Thereafter, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and the levels of reduced glutathione as well as lipid peroxidation were determined using standard procedures. The results show that there was a concentration-dependent significant increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the exposed animals compared to the control. The levels of reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation decreased significantly in the exposed animals compared to the control. The results indicate that exposure to sublethal concentrations of Cr 6+ can modulate redox homeostasis of periwinkles and consequently result in oxidative stress. The stress pattern shown by periwinkles in the presence of chemical stressor, Cr 6+ can be an indicator for chemical pollutant in the environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".