Introducing oxygen evolution promoting hole defect states at BiVO4 surface for enhanced photoelectrochemical activity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Doping metal ions offer a promising strategy to tune the intrinsic and surface properties of BiVO 4 for enhanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) activity. Given this, experimental and theoretical studies on cadmium (Cd) doping to BiVO 4 photoanode were studied for PEC water splitting applications. The spectroscopic and PEC results indicate that the substitution of Cd at Bi lattice sites causes the reduction in the valence state of V 5+ to V 4+ that creates hole trap states below the Fermi level of BiVO 4 . The introduced hole trap states at the BiVO 4 surface suppress the charge recombination and provide effective hole transfer sites for the facile water oxidation reactions. The Cd-BiVO 4 exhibited significantly higher photocurrent compared to the pristine BiVO 4 reaching 3.5 mA cm ₋2 (with a hole scavenger) at 1.23 V vs RHE. Furthermore, doping increases the carrier density in the bulk of BiVO 4 leading to improved charge separation, and charge transfer while reducing the hole transfer resistance at the interface. The Cd-doped BiVO 4 exhibited a charge separation efficiency of 80 % and with a 90 % of overall water splitting faradaic efficiency. Importantly, the results of this work propose the advantages of doping metal ions at Bi lattice sites in BiVO 4 for improved PEC activity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".